"Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD"

What is an abacus?  Known as the first computer and it was able to perform math problems.

In 1936,  Zuse invented this type of computer?  Programmable computer

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
 

In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?   The navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.
Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
 
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?   The census bureau  

What does UNIVAC stand for?   Universal Automatic Computer

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?   International Business Machines  

What is FORTRAN?   First successful high level programming language; IBM mathematical formal translating system  

Post a photo of the first mouse.
 
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?   He made a user friendly tool, or the mouse.  

What is the significance of ARPnet?    The first internet and it was created to develop a flow of of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers.  

In 1971, Intel introduced this?  First single chip microprocessor. Post a photo of it.
 


In the same year, IBM introduced this?  First memory disk. Post a photo of one.
 


In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?    The first Ethernet computer network  

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.

Altair

Apple I

Apple II

TRS- 80

Commodore Pet

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?   MS-DOS computer or PCPost 
Post a photo of the Lisa computer.
 
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?  Apple

What is GUI?   Graphical User InterfacePost a photo of the computer mentioned below. 
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
 
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?   Apple Macintosh Computer; Apple Co.  

The commercial only ran one time. When?   During the 1984 superbowl 

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?   The Windows Operating System  

Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?  Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created the Apple I computer; they are highly successful businessmen and inventors of computers.

When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced? The idea of the internet came up in the 1960s but did not really turn into what is know as the world wide web until the 1990s.

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?  They are hidden messages or jokes in a movie, video game, computer program , web page, etc.

Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.  Photoshop CS2's Space Monkey, Illustrator's Birthday Cake, The Real Photoshop Wizard, and more.

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?  Technology has transformed a lot over the past twenty years. New inventions are made to do so many things. Computers can pull up basically anything now, but in my opinion, I don't think that the will change a lot of the next ten years. Of course, they will change and do something that they could not perform before, but I do not think they will change as much as every thinks that they will.

"Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD"

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?  Engravings and woodcuts

What is a camera obscura? A way for philosophers and scholars to observe light (dark chamber); it is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.
Post an example of a camera obscura.

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?  It was used for eclipses and phases of the moon to be seen.

From where did the photographic camera develop? The portable box of the shrunken camera obscure.

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from? Sir John Hershel; it was derived from the Greek words of writing and light.
Post an the first photograph.  

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?  Joseph Niecpe was credited.
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
 
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?  Louis Daguerre; advantages:it created a direct positive image and the exposure time was reduced to half of the normal time; disadvantage: expensive and the image could not be duplicated
Post an example of a Calotype image.
 
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? William Fox Talbot; advantages: the subject was exposed onto light-sensitive paper producing paper and the basis of modern photography; negatives:instant craze and a need for duplicating 
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
 
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Frederick Scott Archer; advantages: reduced exposure time by two to three seconds, cost less, glass plates produced a much sharper image; disadvantages: darkrooms had to be portable
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
 
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?  Richard Maddox; advantages: gelatin was added to the glass plates making the base easier; disadvantages: still did not find a way to take photos easily for the general people

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? A man who made photography accessible to all; he established Kodak.
Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
 
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public? The flexible roll film sped up the process of recording multiple images.

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?  Patenting polarized light filters and his invention of instant photography; he established Polaroid.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
 
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?  It took one minute.

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?  His work for using multiple cameras to capture motion.
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
 
What is the Zoopraxiscope?  A device used to project a series of images in phases of motion.
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.  

How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?  He place cameras in a line which would then be triggered as a horse passed by; this concluded that horses to lift all four legs when running in motion.
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?  It allowed individual images to be captured ans stored on a single film reel.
Post a photo of a motion picture projector. 

What is a motion picture projector?  An invention that shined light through film and magnify the moving picture onto a screen for an audience.

"The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD"

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?  Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter.

What is a "stenographer"?  Someone who creates a message in a way that is hidden.
Post an example of Shole's typewriter. 

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane? He wanted to pursue commercial development, so Clephane would be perfect to test the machine.

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?  There were still problems with the typewriter that needed to be solved.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?  Ottmar Mergenthalter spent a year on the typewriter.

What is meant by "typesetting"?  The process of designing a font and storing it is typesetting.
Post an example of Linotype Machine.

How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?  It allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand.

How did this machine change the newspaper industry?  The Linotype machine made is possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages. 
Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?  There was no shift key so uppercase letters were separate keys than the lowercase ones, and it had the same alphabet arrangement twice.
Post an example of a Linotype slug.

What is a slug?  It is the assembled line of single piece type, which allowed for faster typesetting and composition than the hand.
Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine. 

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?  The spread of the machine over years grew and made type easier.

"The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD"

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?  He created the Gutenberg Printing Press
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
 
How did the printing press work?  Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set of block-letters held within a wooden form.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?  His love of reading motivated him to find a way to create books.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type? Woodcuts were not durable and it split the press after pressed repeated use.
Post an example of movable type in a type case. 
 
What is moveable type?  Metal type that was produced more quickly and uses movable components to reproduce  the elements of a document.

What is a matrix?  A hard metal punch that is hammered into a softer copper bar

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?  Oil-based ink

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?  Paper is a substrate made from wood pulp; it originated in China.  

What is a "substrate"?  A type of material that print was written on before paper was invented. 

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?  John Fust, a wealthy businessman; Fust sued Gutenberg to get his money.

What was the first book he printed?  The BiblePost an example of this book.
 

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?  It perfected script and made it easier to read, books were made more rapidly, information could be spread around the world, the cost of books decrease, people became literate, industries flourished, and the economy became stronger, and art and science flourished which began the Renaissance.

Who introduced the printing press to England?  William Caxton 

What was the early form of newspapers?  Trade newsletters 

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?  The Boston Letter was published in 1704 weekly.

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?  Cast iron press
Post an example of a 1930s printing press. 
 
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?  The number of characters or words on the paper.

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?  It is relief printing meaning it is the old form of print; the process just includes movable type.
Post an example of an intaglio press.
 
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?  (Printmaking) the image is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink; the ink is applied then rubbed with a cloth to remove any excess; damp paper is placed ontop as well as pressure to transfer the ink.
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
 
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?  It is a basic stencil process, an image carrier is attached to the screen and ink is forced through open areas.
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
 
What is lithography and how is ink transferred? Planography, it is printed from a flat surface and based on the concept that oil and water do not mix; the drawing is made on a plate with ink or crayon and water is applied; ink is spread ontop and the greasy parts accept the ink and wet parts do not.
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
 
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today? Offset lithography.

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press? The are much faster and advance; more colors and different papers and materials are used to print.

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK? This color mode is used for printing images and it stands for cyan. magenta, yellow, and black.

"The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD"

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?  The only allowed for sequential usage.
Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?  A covered and bound collection of hand written pages

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why? It had many advantages over the scroll; compactness, sturdiness, and ease of reference.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?  Random access means one can go in the book and find information and can be flat, and sequential is more used for scroll and one has to go through the scroll to find a passage.

What were the advantages of using the codex? It was easier to organize libraries, because the title was written on the spine.

What helped spread the use of the codex? The rise of Christianity

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it? Parchment paper; substrate from animal skin (goats, cows, sheep, etc.) was used; the fat and hair was removed from the animal; the hide was then soaked in water, and flour, salt, and calcium was added; the skin was then stretched out, flattened and then set out to dry.

What is vellum? Finer qualities of parchment

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?  Kindle and the ipad

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration? The decline of the Roman Empire
Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.
 
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?  Monastic monks

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?  "Illumination" refers to the borders and illustrations added to the outside of the text; initials of chapters or paragraphs, paintings in margins, borders, and around text.

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?  Natural quill pens were used.

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?  It took a lot of labor and time to create the manuscripts.

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?  Practicing or creating something with great skill; it is important because the skills can evolve into something better advanced.